Abstract  

Engineered nanomaterials promise to transform medicine at the bio–nano interface.
However, it is important to elucidate how synthetic nanomaterials interact with critical
biological systems before such products can be safely utilized in humans. Past evidence
suggests that polyethylene glycol-functionalized (PEGylated) nanomaterials are largely
biocompatible and elicit less dramatic immune responses than their pristine counterparts.
We here report results that contradict these findings. We find that PEGylated graphene